Hennig Brandt, the original "I'll try anything once" scientist. In 1669, this German alchemist was desperately searching for the philosopher's stone when he decided that urine might hold the secret to gold. After collecting and boiling down 1,200 gallons of human waste (yes, that's approximately 5,500 liters of pee), he accidentally created phosphorus instead. The glowing white substance must have seemed like magic after weeks of inhaling urine vapors. Scientific breakthroughs: sometimes they're brilliant insights, sometimes they're just what happens when you're too stubborn to give up on a terrible idea.